Synaptophysin (Syn) expression in the CCI+Hot compression group was less than threefold in the CCI group at both nerve injury sites and brain (somatosensory cortex and hippocampus). The S100 protein expression level in the CCI+Hot compression group was 1.5-fold higher than in the CCI group it dramatically reduced inflammation, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha and CD68 expression in nerve injury sites. Hot compress treatment in the CCI model improved CMAP amplitude and latency. Administration of hot compress for 3 weeks (heated at 40–42☌, cycle of 40 min, and rest for 20 min, three cycles each time, three times per week) significantly increased the paw withdrawal thresholds in response to stimulation by Von Frey fibers and reversed the CCI-induced reduced sciatic functional index (SFI) scores. The CCI model after 28 days of surgery significantly reduced compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude, but also significantly reduced latency. All CCI rats exhibited geometric representation of the affected hind paw, which indicated a hyper-impact on both mechanical gait and asymmetry of gait on day 28. To obtain insight into the nerve transmission mechanism of hot compresses and to identify the nerve injury marker proteins specifically associated with sciatic nerve pain, we established a rat model of chronic constriction injury (CCI) and performed mechanical allodynia, electrophysiology, and histopathological analysis. Most recommendations for hot compresses are based on empirical experience, with limited evidence to support its efficacy. Hot compress modalities are used to ameliorate pain despite prevalent confusion about which modality should be used and when. 13Department of Medical Research, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.12Neurodiagnostic center, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.11Experimental Animal Center, Department of Molecular Biology and Cell Research, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.10Immunomedicine Group, Department of Molecular Biology and Cell Research, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.9Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.8Center of General Education, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien, Taiwan.7Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.6Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.5Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.4Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.3Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.2Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.1Department of Rehabilitation, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.Kwan-Yu Chan 1†, Wen-Ching Tsai 1†, Chien-Yi Chiang 2†, Meei-Ling Sheu 3,4,5, Chih-Yang Huang 2,6,7,8,9, Yi-Ching Tsai 10, Chia-Yun Tsai 11, Chia-Jung Lu 12, Zih-Ping Ho 13 and De-Wei Lai 11*
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